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“Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime caused by the change in acceleration or jerk or shake of a mass. The fabric of spacetime is composed of the ordinary three dimensions plus the forth dimension of time as originally proposed by Einstein in 1915.

“High-Frequency Gravitational Waves or HFGWs have frequencies above 100,000 cycles per second. For comparison household electricity has a frequency of 60 cycles per second, sound thousands of cycles per second and light trillions of cycles per second.

“HFGWs go through all ordinary matter without absorption or frequency change and at exactly the speed of light in a vacuum. A HFGW channel provides a method of frequency and time reference distribution for use within conventional Radio Frequency (RF) telecommunications networks. Specifically, the value of conventional telecommunications networks may be optimized by using an unperturbed frequency time standard (FTS) to (1) improve terminal navigation and Doppler estimation performance via improved time difference of arrival (TDOA) from a universal time reference, and (2) improve acquisition speed, coding efficiency, and dynamic bandwidth efficiency through the use of a universal frequency reference.

Concept: Use High Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGW) for a Frequency Time Standard to enable a dramatic improvement in telecommunication bandwidth usage efficiencies

HFGW = Ripple in Space-Time caused by mass-energy fluctuation

Cost Areas / Risks

HFGW Development: Ground Station Transmitters & small remote terminal receivers sized for cell phone use

Earth Transmitter Station Facility & Overhead Costs

Remote Terminal Receiver Overhead to cell phone manufacture

Savings Areas / Benefits

TDMA Efficiency: Fast acquisition allows transmit on demand

PSK Efficiency: Lower phase noise allows finer phase encoding, e.g. 8PSK or 16PSK versus QPSK

FDMA Efficiency: Lower frequency errors allows finer FDMA and FHSS

Conclusions

Predicted value to telecom industry exceeds $50B NPV over the next 10 years. Assuming 5%, Licensing payback would exceed $2.5B

HFGW is an unproven technology and experimental funding is required to reduce risk – $20M upfront funding required for technology proof of concept

Part 1:

HFGW will propagate through the Earth with little impact.

3 ground stations would be needed, 4 with redundancy

Each station would transmit:

- a carrier wave (CW) signal for a frequency reference

- a periodic pulse signal (PPS) for a time reference

Each station would use a different frequency such that the

remote terminal user set could easily differentiate signals

Part 2

Each Remote Terminal (RT) would include

antennae sensitive to each ground station.

The RT triangulates off the 3 most distant

ground station signals to calculate position.

Received frequency is compared to ideal

frequency to calculate 3 axis Doppler velocity.

The HGFW antennae could be made very small

- small enough to fit into a cellular handheld.

Each RT could use the CW signal for frequency

reference, and the PPS signal for a time source.

Part 1 – Search space improvements:

During acquisition the receiving terminal must perform a search of the search space of frequency, phase, and code to acquire the transmitting terminal signal.

If there is less noise in these parameters, the search space is reduced, speeding acquisition.

Ultra-fast acquisition allows more efficient “TDMA” style operations, such as transmit on demand, that use bandwidth more efficiently.

Part 2: Phase noise reductions allow more efficient use of encoding for the same power (ebno).

Phase noise limits the type of modulation and manner of encoding that can be performed in phase space, commonly used for over the air telecommunication systems.

HFGW can reduce phase noise by providing a frequency reference with outstanding stability.

For example, moving from QPSK to 8PSK or 16-PSK improves bandwidth efficiency by a factor of 2 to 4

Part 3: Frequency Stability Improvements

Frequency noise limits the type of modulation and manner of encoding that can be performed in frequency space, such as FDMA or FHSS.

HFGW can reduce frequency noise by providing a frequency reference with outstanding stability.

For example, guard bands can be shrunk in FDMA, and frequency slices can be smaller and more stable in FHSS.

Break even in 4 years after infrastructure in place

Colby Harper to supply financial summary description

•Li, Baker, & Chen detector design, to be published at STAIF 2007.

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•Concept: Dual stage synchro-resonance (Inverse Gertsenshtein Effect) GW to EM conversion, with fractal membrane photon amplification to enhance sensitivity.

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•Predicted sensitivity (10^-31 dm/m) should be sufficient to detect residual background GW.

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•Cost to complete: $2M – 5M assuming pre-existing component hardware (supported by Chinese research efforts).

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•Schedule to complete: 18 – 24 months.

•Woods & Baker design, published at STAIF 2005.

•Concept: A phase coherent array of magnetron pumped piezo-electric membranes (FBARs – Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators)

•Desired SNR of 10:1 leads to a minimum amplitude requirement of 10^-30 dm/m - should be possible with a bi-modal array of 30,000 FBARs with 10,000 magnetrons.

•Cost to complete: $8M to $15M includes all component hardware costs, as well as integration costs.

•Schedule to complete: 18 – 24 months, but could be started concurrently with or just after the detection experiment.

The first two phases will establish the proof of concepts required to validate both the detection concept and the generation concept.

Phase 3 with productize the detector to shrink it into a size useful for telecom deployment, and will pay for fielding the ground based generators.

Fees on licensing the FTS standard would be the profit source for the HFGW FTS service.